Sociology Press is pleased to publish The Grounded Theory Review. Our primary goal in publishing this journal is to provide a forum for classic grounded theory blogger.com this end, we will focus our efforts on: • publishing good examples of the grounded theories being developed in a The Grounded Theory Review (), vol.9, no.3 Tina L. Johnston, Ph.D. Department of Science and Mathematics Education Oregon State University tina@blogger.com Graham Kenealy, Ph.D. Manchester Business School. University of Manchester. Manchester, UK. Email: blogger.comy@blogger.com Antoinette M. McCallin, Ph.D., RN The Grounded Theory Review. The Grounded Theory Review is an international peer-reviewed open access journal for the advancement of classic grounded theory research and scholarship. Each issue of the Review contains papers featuring substantive theories using classic grounded theory methodology, as well as articles with a focus on methodological perspectives
Grounded Theory through the Lenses of Interpretation and Translation | Grounded Theory Review
This paper explores interpretation and translation issues that arose during a grounded theory study of the Greek health sector. It highlights problems that were encountered when working in two languages and demonstrates how these were overcome. This is important because. Grounded Theory GT research, in cross-cultural contexts, is associated with the linguistic challenges of conceptualisation. The authors offer their suggestions on how to conduct a GT research project within a diverse team based upon their experiences of undertaking such a study.
This paper is the result of our experiences of using grounded theory GT to discover the concerns of nurses working within the Greek health sector. We studied nurses working in hospitals and nurses working in GP surgeries. The main concern of both groups was workplace stress. However, the way in which stress impacted on our participants was significantly different, despite many of the daily and weekly duties being identical in each setting.
This is important because both boreout and burnout can significantly affect the health of those affected and impact on the quality of service they provide Lehman et al. The results of this study will be published separately.
Our team consisted of two researchers. The first author is bilingual, a native Greek speaker and fluent in English, grounded theory review, whilst the second author is monolingual being a native English speaker learning Greek, grounded theory review.
Greek was the language of the data and the analysis for the first author, whilst English was the language of analysis for the second author. Integrating the linguistic needs of participants and researchers led to a plethora of practical and methodological issues that are explored in this paper. When working in a multicultural team, interpretation of the spoken word and translation of the written word are the instruments which allow non-native researchers to engage with and conceptualise the data.
Translation must therefore not be neglected or mismanaged, as flawed translation processes can lead to a loss of meaning van Nes et al. Our paper is highly relevant because cross-language research has become increasingly popular Fersch, For instance, a major international conference brought together the topics of GT and translation in a stream of its own IATIS, Nübold et al.
With the exceptions of Nurjannah et al. Grounded theory review study outlines the benefits of working in a diverse research team in a multilingual context and how interpretation and translation can be incorporated into the GT process, systematically and with rigour.
As will be shown, this does not destroy the essence of GT. On the contrary, we will demonstrate that the GT method is actually strengthened in these situations rather than diminished.
A strength of GT is that it permits, and even encourages diversity amongst reasearchers Evans, We were inspired by Shklarovwriting in this very journal, grounded theory review, although she was working alone, whereas we grounded theory review a two-person research team and a mentor.
In addition, we challenge the idea that research is inhibited by recording participant data Glaser, : grounded theory review assumes that each member of the data collection team can understand the language spoken by the participants and therefore that each researcher can write field notes and make contemporaneous memos in a meaningful way. On the contrary, we show that recording is essential in multilingual studies and can enhance the GT research. In this study, recording the research encounter enabled the first author to fully engage with the participant before interpreting for the second author enabling the second researcher to also ask questions, make observations and offer theoretical ideas.
This paper has three main aims. Firstly, grounded theory review, it demonstrates the role that interpretation and translation can play in GT studies. Finally, it identifies issues and difficulties encountered in the process and demonstrates how these can be overcome. The paper begins by briefly outlining the nature of classic GT, and the bulk of the paper is devoted to a worked example of how translation was used within our study. We conclude by summarising the key theoretical and practical contributions from this study.
For clarity, it should be noted that interpretation and translation are grounded theory review concepts. Translation relates to written messages, whereas interpretation relates only to converting verbal data into a different language Bell, during the interviews to verbally reflect in English what was spoken in Greek, whereas translation was used to reflect the written Greek interview transcripts into English. Any act of communication involves interpretation or translation—if only to process meaning—and thus can grounded theory review inter-lingual between different languages and intra-lingual within the same language Steiner, Intra-language techniques are the most common form of communication, for instance, a dictionary translates English words into other English words.
There are, however, many examples where one word has multiple meanings. This issue is magnified when comparing one language into another.
There are two main theoretical approaches to interpretation: simultaneous and consecutive Shuttleworth, In the former, the interpretation is undertaken whilst the speaker is talking Morales et al. Consecutive interpretation was the method used for creating verbal field notes, since this allowed the participants to speak without being interrupted and gave the interpreter time to think about the meaning of the discussion before rendering it into English.
It also gave the interpreter Author 1 time to think about the theoretical implications and offer those as verbal memos. Linguistic puts the emphasis upon the structural difference between the source and target languages; philological stresses the words themselves; and sociolinguistic emphasises the meanings, grounded theory review norms, and contexts inherent within the communication process, grounded theory review.
In the following pages, data collection, interpretation, and translation are discussed separately for clarity, grounded theory review. Interpretation was undertaken during the data collection phase, allowing for the creation of verbal field notes and verbal memos while translation took place after the transcription of the recorded data.
The emphasis is firmly on conceptualising patterns of behavior and interconnected ideas. Data Collection. Participants were contacted several weeks before the interview to ensure they were willing to contribute, grounded theory review, and neutral grounded theory review were found for the interviews where it was possible for participants to speak freely and candidly. Prior to each interview, emergent concepts were identified from previous interviews via open coding and constant comparison until the core category emerged, at which point we introduced theoretical sampling and selective coding.
It was clear from the outset that data collection would present difficulties because Author 2 did not have the necessary linguistic skills. We faced a dilemma: should the interviews be conducted in English or in Greek? The literature, however, suggests grounded theory review data must be gathered in the local language, i, grounded theory review.
Greek Nübold et al. Whilst many of our participants spoke some English, conducting the interviews in English might have compromised the data for those not grounded theory review fluent in the language: participants might have used the words that were most important to them, rather than expressing themselves using the correct grammar, where the correct grammar might have revealed important clues about their underlying thought processes Xian, Furthermore, grounded theory review, we sought to understand the culture and lived experiences of participants, which might be diluted by forcing participants to speak in what was to them a foreign language.
Moreover, participants with weaker English language skills might feel uncomfortable and grounded theory review sought to avoid this at all costs. This was the same approach adopted by Shklarov Each interview was therefore conducted in Greek for the benefit of the data quality grounded theory review participants, grounded theory review, despite the fact that this would present the researchers with practical problems.
We recorded all interviews on a Dictaphone with the prior consent of the participants. The recordings were transcribed, and the transcriptions were translated, grounded theory review. Furthermore, recording liberated both authors to create verbal field notes and verbal memos and this process was therefore a crucial component of our GT approach and contributes to the methodology and theory development. An outline of the data collection and grounded theory review processes can be seen in Figures 1 and 2 respectively.
Notes: A1 and A2 refer to Author 1 and Author 2 respectively, grounded theory review. This is a cyclical process which continues until interview is concluded.
Shaded circles show where interpretation and translation occur. In addition to advising against recording GT interviews, Glaser also advised against taking notes during a research encounter.
Again, for linguistic reasons, we needed to be practical and take opportunistic notes. We often had to gather data from several people within a short period and so made some contemporaneous field notes in order not to forget key data and to ensure that the right notes referred to the right situation.
Additionally, writing memos between interviews and during coding Glaser, b helped us to keep track of our emerging theoretical ideas and helped to guide our thoughts Glaser, Data analysis. Ideas should be captured in memos as the idea occurs using whatever comes to hand. Theoretical memos are written throughout the analytic process to allow key theoretical ideas to be captured and thus they shape the development of the emerging theory Glaser, Since Glaser a encouraged each researcher to develop their own memos, in our study, memo writing was undertaken by both researchers, and the results and ideas were discussed together.
Glaser b advised that memoing must be concurrent with data collection. Because of the composition of the research team, it grounded theory review decided that during the interviews, Author 1 would interpret and re-state the data in English effectively creating a grounded theory review field note to enable Author 2 to be grounded theory review more fully.
This process triggered both authors to generate theoretical ideas, that is, verbal memos. These nurses are behaving differently from the GP nurses. Do we have burnout and boreout? Burnout for hospital nurses and boreout for GP nurses? These concepts, which relate to stress in the workplace, ultimately proved to be important to the emerging theory.
We used verbal memoing for a different purpose: to aid in developing a shared understanding of the data and in conceptualising the meaning of the data. Hence our study extends the technique of memoing to also include verbal memos. Verbal memos are spoken versions of traditional memos, grounded theory review, and perform the same function. In our study, verbal field notes triggered ideas and each author grounded theory review able to offer verbal memos as ideas occurred. This helped us to develop and refine our theory.
A detailed discussion about grounded theory review data during the interview would have been very disruptive and impaired our data collection, therefore our verbal field notes and verbal memos were kept brief whilst still allowing both researchers to be equally involved and to contribute theoretical ideas.
Interpretation of the data was therefore conducted for practical reasons, which is consistent with standard GT practice see for instance Glaser, ; Nathaniel et al, grounded theory review. Our research process discovered that verbal memoing can enhance the efficiency of data collection by pointing towards fruitful avenues to explore and can enable the capture of fragile ideas in the moment. In addition, the verbal field notes and verbal memos were also included in the written transcript and were, grounded theory review, therefore, themselves included in the constant comparison process.
This proved to be useful as constant comparison occurs in coding when incidents, concepts and categories are compared within and across each group. It also occurs in sorting, where ideas are compared one with another. In our study verbal grounded theory review and verbal field notes grounded theory review ideas to be preserved and compared. Indeed, without verbal memos and verbal field notes, it would not have been possible for Author 2 to have been involved to any meaningful extent.
How we used Interpretation. In our study, grounded theory review, interpretation was interwoven with data collection. During the interviews, most of the questioning was done by Author 1, and as responses were received, they were interpreted for the benefit of Author 2.
Grounded Theory is the study of a concept!
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The descriptive characteristics and methodological quality of eligible studies were examined using grounded theory methodology assessment guidelines. Findings:The review included 68 studies conducted between and The findings showed that GTM is becoming increasingly used by physiotherapy blogger.com by: 4 The Grounded Theory Review. The Grounded Theory Review is an international peer-reviewed open access journal for the advancement of classic grounded theory research and scholarship. Each issue of the Review contains papers featuring substantive theories using classic grounded theory methodology, as well as articles with a focus on methodological perspectives The aim of this classic grounded theory study was to unearth the main concern of emergency department (ED) registered nurses (RN) when they perform respiratory rate observations to generate a Estimated Reading Time: 5 mins
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