It is like a poem, which is vertical to time, and a short-story, which is horizontal to time. The same comparison can be made between psychology and literature. In this paper these perspectives will be taken into consideration, and they help to understand why there is a mixture of developmental psychology with humanistic psychology. The Centre for Children & Families in the Justice System Argumentative Research Paper Examples; Child Abuse Research Paper Examples; Communication Research Paper Examples; Criminal Justice Research Paper Examples; Culture Research Paper Examples; Demography Research Paper Examples; Domestic Violence Research Paper Examples; Economics Research Paper Examples; Education Research Paper Examples 6/26/ · Good Example Of Research Paper On The Depiction Of Violence In Fight Club Chuck Palahniuk’s debut novel Fight Club is one of the most well-known and incendiary novels about the postmodern male, describing a frenetic journey by the book’s unnamed narrator to reclaim his manhood
Experimental psychology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - words
This sample Experimental Designs Research Paper is published for educational and informational purposes only. If you need help writing your assignment, please use our research paper writing service experimental psychology research paper example buy a paper on any topic at affordable price, experimental psychology research paper example.
Also check our tips on how to write a research paperexperimental psychology research paper example, see the lists of psychology research paper topicsand browse research paper examples. Knowing about experimental designs is essential if you are planning an experiment. It is highly unlikely that you would decide to set off on a cross-country trip without a road map.
Although you might eventually reach your destination, you would likely waste time and money getting there. On the other hand, you might get hopelessly lost and never find your planned stopping point. Likewise, you should never plan an experiment without first considering its design. Although you might be fortunate and plan an experiment that would answer the question that you had in mind, it is much more likely that you would waste your time and end up with a mess on your hands.
Psychologists use experiments to answer questions about behavior. As a student of psychology, you probably have had many such questions yourself e. Without research, we are left with no way to answer such questions except by guessing.
A well-designed experiment, however, can put us on the road to answering a causation question more definitively. The question of causation is an elusive one, but one that scientists seek to experimental psychology research paper example. A researcher typically begins with a hypothesis about the cause of a particular behavior. A hypothesis is some-what like an educated guess—based on results from previous research and observations of behavior, a researcher generates a hypothesis about the cause s of a behavior or a factor that will affect that behavior.
The researcher uses that hypothesized cause or factor as an independent variable IV in the experiment. An IV is the variable whose effects you wish to study in your experiment.
Of course, to determine the effects of an IV, you must have something with which to measure those effects—in our case, experimental psychology research paper example would be the behavior that the researcher believes the IV will affect. This behavior or outcome variable is known as the dependent variable DV.
So, a researcher plans an experiment to determine the effect of an IV on a DV, which sounds relatively simple. However, complicating this process is another category of variables—extraneous variables.
Extraneous variables are variables besides the IV that might have an effect on the behavior in question the DV. There are probably few, if any, behaviors that are so simple that there is only one causative factor or variable. Thus, when we conduct an experiment, we must take steps to ensure that we are studying only the effect of our IV on the DV and not the effect of any extraneous variable s.
Experimental design is a helpful tool for the researcher in the quest to answer questions of causation in an experiment. Fortunately, learning about experimental designs is easier than most students think it will be. Once you know a few basics about research and experiments, you can plan an experiment and choose the correct design for it simply by answering a series of questions see Table 9. Table 9. As you can see in Table 9.
However, your choice of IV should immediately bring to mind some questions about what constitutes adequate sleep. This situation is often the case when you plan an experiment—the IV is somewhat vague, so you must develop an operational definition for experimental psychology research paper example IV. It experimental psychology research paper example important to develop a good, reliable operational definition so that people who read about your experiment will understand what you meant by your IV and could conduct their own experiment using your IV.
An operational definition is one that entails what you, as the experimenter, have done to cause the IV to occur. As the experimenter, you control and are responsible for the way that you define the IV.
For example, is adequate sleep six hours of sleep a day? Is it eight hours of sleep a day? Does adequate sleep mean more than simply a certain number of hours of sleep a day? As you can see, deriving an operational definition of your IV of adequate sleep experimental psychology research paper example require some work on your part.
Lest you decide that adequate sleep is a bad choice for an IV because it may be difficult to operationally define, you should realize that many potential IVs have similar problems with definitions.
You now have your IV and its operational definition—at least for one group. Typically, you, as the experimenter, must also develop an operational definition for a comparison group within your IV.
If you wish to study the effects of adequate sleep, experimental psychology research paper example must compare participants who get adequate sleep to some other group or groups of participants. As experimental psychology research paper example can probably imagine, you should develop the operational definition of your comparison group relative to the operational definition of your experimental group.
Because of much recent evidence about the sleep habits of college students e, experimental psychology research paper example. Just as with the IV, you have a choice of how to define your comparison group. At this point, students often get confused and decide that they have two IVs: adequate sleep and less-than-adequate sleep. Actually, you simply have one IV sleep with two groups or levels adequate and less-than-adequate of that IV.
As you can tell from examining Table 1, experimental psychology research paper example, it is critical that you can tell that this example has only one IV. Be sure not to confuse IVs with levels of an IV. Levels of an IV are simply the comparison groups of different values or types of the same IV. For example, in our hypothetical example, you must decide how you would like to assess the effect s of adequate and less-than-adequate sleep. Although sleep is the variable of interest to you, you must also have another variable of interest to gauge the effect of sleep.
This variable will be your DV. It will be necessary for you to develop an operational definition for your DV, just as you did for the IV. As you can imagine, the DV should be some variable that you can reasonably assume would show the effect of the IV.
It would be silly, for instance, to say that you wanted to measure the effect of sleep on eye color—there is no logical link between those two variables. Given that you will probably be conducting an experiment experimental psychology research paper example a short period of time, the DV should be something that sleep might affect over that short duration.
To measure the shorter-term effects of sleep, you decide to give experimental psychology research paper example experimental participants an exam after getting either adequate or less-than-adequate sleep for a full week. After reading that sentence, you may have thought that the experimenter would need to specify an exact exam in order to meet the requirement of an operational definition.
If this thought occurred to you, congratulations! You must also decide how you will present, administer, or measure the IV. As the experimenter, you have the opportunity to be in control of the IV—at least in many cases. If you can actually cause the IV to occur, then you can manipulate the IV.
A manipulated IV is your better choice, as you will see. Using your IV in the hypothetical experiment we have been discussing, you could manipulate adequate sleep by controlling how long your participants sleep. You might need to provide them with a location to sleep—perhaps by giving them a bed in a experimental psychology research paper example laboratory or some facility where you could monitor how long they sleep. This approach would be more work for you than allowing participants to monitor their own sleep, but it would provide you with more control.
Experimental psychology research paper example the other hand, sleep also could be a measured IV, experimental psychology research paper example. Rather than actually causing the IV to occur, you could measure the IV in your participants. If you had your participants report their sleeping habits to you, you could measure or classify them as to whether their sleep was adequate experimental psychology research paper example not.
Given your operational definition of adequate sleep, however, it might be difficult to find many participants who meet that precise definition. Also, people might not remember exactly how long they slept and simply provide you with their best guess. As you can see, by measuring or classifying your IV, you lose a good bit of control over the situation. Why would you, as an experimenter, want to measure or classify an IV rather than manipulating it? One potential advantage is that measuring or classifying is often a simpler process.
Asking participants about their sleep is far easier than actually manipulating it. But, in the case of adequate sleep, you could use either a manipulated or a measured IV. The main reason for measuring or classifying an IV rather than manipulating it, however, is that some IVs simply cannot be manipulated. Suppose you wanted to deal with personality type as an IV. There is no way to cause participants to possess a certain personality; instead, you could only measure personality type and assign participants to groups based on what you measured, experimental psychology research paper example.
Thus, when you choose your IV, you will have to decide whether you can manipulate it or whether you will have to measure or classify it; in some instances, you may have a choice. In an ideal world, an experiment is a tightly controlled situation in which the experimenter has total control or nearly so over all variables in the environment, experimental psychology research paper example.
Having control allows the experimenter to manipulate the IV, which means that any participant could be a part of any group. Having control also allows the experimenter to hold other factors in the experiment constant, so that they do not change unless the experimenter wants them to change.
Being able to control and manipulate the IV, as well as other variables in the environment, has a major benefit over measuring or classifying the IV: You can attribute causality to the IV. When you simply classify your IV, you lose the ability to make cause-and-effect statements. If you simply allow experimental participants to report their levels of sleep, you still are able to classify them as getting adequate or less-than-adequate sleep.
However, it is possible that an extraneous variable will also become a factor in your research. Imagine, for example, that most of the students who report adequate sleep are freshmen and sophomores, whereas those reporting less-than-adequate sleep are mostly juniors and experimental psychology research paper example. In this case, you would have an extraneous variable changing at the same time as your measured IV. Thus, your research would be confounded, which means that you cannot discern the causative variable if your two groups perform differently on the test.
It could be sleep differences that led to differing scores, but it could also be classification differences that influenced the scores—you simply cannot tell. In this manner, you still can draw a causative conclusion about the effects of differing amounts of sleep on exam scores. If you simply administered your IV to a group of participants and had no group with which to compare them, you would not actually have an experiment, experimental psychology research paper example.
There would simply be no way to determine whether your IV affected behavior in that situation. Thus, experimental psychology research paper example, the simplest possible experiment has one IV with two groups.
This design description specifies the simplest possible experimental design. There is only one IV, with two groups see Figure 9.
How to Write a Research Methodology in 4 Steps - Scribbr ��
, time: 4:5410+ Experimental Research Examples in PDF | DOC | Examples
Consolidation Power of Extrinsic Rewards: Reward Cues Enhance Long-Term Memory for Irrelevant Past Events (PDF, 87KB) February by Kou Murayama and Shinji Kitagami. The Invisible Man: APA Sample Paper: Experimental Psychology. Media File: APA Sample Paper: Experimental Psychology. This resource is enhanced by an Acrobat PDF file. Download the free Acrobat Reader. It is like a poem, which is vertical to time, and a short-story, which is horizontal to time. The same comparison can be made between psychology and literature. In this paper these perspectives will be taken into consideration, and they help to understand why there is a mixture of developmental psychology with humanistic psychology. The Centre for Children & Families in the Justice System
No comments:
Post a Comment